Novartis has announced results from a Phase III three-year follow-up study that showed Jakavi® (ruxolitinib) demonstrated improved overall survival and sustained reductions in spleen size compared to conventional therapy.
In a separate long-term exploratory analysis, Jakavi slowed or stabilised the advancement of bone marrow fibrosis, one of the underlying disease mechanisms and consequences of myelofibrosis, an effect that has not been observed with conventional therapy in advanced myelofibrosis patients.
Novartis has announced results from a Phase III three-year follow-up study that showed Jakavi® (ruxolitinib) demonstrated improved overall survival and sustained reductions in spleen size compared to conventional therapy.
In a separate long-term exploratory analysis, Jakavi slowed or stabilised the advancement of bone marrow fibrosis, one of the underlying disease mechanisms and consequences of myelofibrosis, an effect that has not been observed with conventional therapy in advanced myelofibrosis patients.
Findings are being presented at the 18th Congress of European Hematology Association (EHA) in Stockholm, Sweden.
In a three-year follow-up analysis of the COMFORT-II study, patients treated with Jakavi demonstrated an overall survival advantage compared to patients receiving conventional therapy. A 52% reduction in risk of death was observed in the Jakavi arm compared with conventional therapy (HR=0.48; 95% CI, 0.28-0.85; p=0.009),[1] and the estimated probability of overall survival was significantly greater with Jakavi compared to conventional therapy (81% compared to 61%, respectively) at 144 weeks. Additionally, 51.4% of patients treated with Jakavi achieved a >=35% reduction from baseline in spleen size. Patients continue to maintain their spleen response, with the median spleen reduction not yet reached in the study.
The results are consistent with previous COMFORT-II and COMFORT-I study analyses, which demonstrate that Jakavi provides significant clinical benefits over conventional therapy and placebo for patients suffering from myelofibrosis, a rare blood cancer.
“Jakavi is the first drug to demonstrate an improvement in overall survival in patients with advanced myelofibrosis,” said Dr. Alessandro M. Vannucchi, Department of Hematology, University of Florence, Italy and lead study author. “Moreover, we are encouraged by these latest study results, which reinforce that the rapid, positive effects of Jakavi in improving patients’ symptoms are sustained over the long-term.”
Myelofibrosis develops when uncontrolled signalling in the JAK pathway – which regulates blood cell production – causes the body to make blood cells that do not work properly, which scars the bone marrow and results in an enlarged spleen and other severe complications.[2,3] Jakavi directly targets the underlying mechanism of the disease and it significantly reduces spleen size and improves symptoms regardless of JAK mutational status, disease subtype or any prior treatment.[4–8]
Data were also presented from an exploratory analysis of bone marrow morphology from a separate Phase I/II trial of Jakavi, compared with historical controls from patients treated with conventional therapy. After four years of Jakavi therapy, bone marrow fibrosis improved in 22% and stabilised in 56% of patients with myelofibrosis. A comparable effect was not seen with long-term conventional therapy.[9]
“For the first time in advanced myelofibrosis, drug therapy showed evidence of bone marrow fibrosis stabilisation or improvement, further supporting that Jakavi may modify the natural course of disease,” said Alessandro Riva, MD, Global Head, Oncology Development and Medical Affairs, Novartis Oncology. “These data are of great interest because bone marrow transplantation, which carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality, is the only other option proven to impact bone marrow fibrosis in patients with advanced myelofibrosis.”
COMFORT-II three-year long-term study background
In the three-year analysis of COMFORT-II (COntrolled MyeloFibrosis Study with ORal JAK Inhibitor Therapy), a total of 45.2% of patients remained on the Jakavi treatment arm, while all patients randomised to conventional therapy discontinued treatment. For patients on conventional therapy, 61.6% crossed over to the Jakavi treatment arm, with 48.9% of these patients ongoing in the extension phase of the study. The median duration of Jakavi exposure (randomised and extension phases) was 136 weeks and conventional therapy exposure (randomised treatment only) was 45 weeks. Overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.
All AEs were consistent with previous analyses of treatment with Jakavi. The most common haematologic AEs in either arm (Jakavi, conventional therapy) were anemia (50.0%; 16.4%) and thrombocytopenia (50.7%; 13.7%). The most common non-haematologic abnormalities for each arm (Jakavi, conventional therapy) include peripheral edema (swelling of extremities) (36.3%; 28.8%), diarrhoea (32.2%; 17.8%) and asthenia (weakness) (24.0%; 12.3%).[1]
A total of 191 patients were exposed to Jakavi by the data cut-off date, 146 patients initially randomised to Jakavi treatment and 45 patients that eventually crossed over from the conventional therapy arm. Treatment discontinuations in the Jakavi arm were primarily due to adverse events (AEs) (16.4%) and disease progression (15.1%), while discontinuations in the conventional therapy arm were primarily due to consent withdrawal and other reasons (12.3% each). Only two patients discontinued due to anaemia (1%) and seven patients due to thrombocytopenia (3.6%).
Long-term bone marrow morphology analysis background
The data from this separate exploratory analysis assessed the effect of long-term Jakavi treatment on bone marrow morphology in patients with myelofibrosis. An analysis of trephine biopsies were obtained from the cohort of myelofibrosis patients treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center who participated in Study 251, a Phase I/II trial of ruxolitinib.[9]
Biopsies of myelofibrosis patients treated with Jakavi were obtained at baseline, 24 months (68 patients) and 48 months (18 patients). Samples were also collected from a multicentre observational database from three European Union countries (160 biopsies in a cohort of 139 patients) in patients treated with conventional therapy at 24 months (97 patients) and 48 months (63 patients).[9]
Bone marrow fibrosis grade (G) changes vs. baseline were categorised as improvement, stabilisation, and worsening according to the World Health Organization (WHO) grading scale (0-3) and reviewers were blinded to patient characteristics and outcomes. Additional analyses were performed on biopsies from patients in the Jakavi-treated cohort: changes over time in the degree of collagen deposition, amount of osteosclerosis (abnormal bone density) and bone marrow cellularity.[9] Bone marrow biopsies of Jakavi treated patients who were evaluated at baseline presented with 21% G1 fibrosis, 53% G2 fibrosis and 26% G3 fibrosis. Distribution of baseline WHO fibrosis grades between Jakavi- and conventionally- treated groups showed no noticeable difference (p=0.441 by Cochran Mantel-Haenszel test).[9]
References
- Vannucchi, A, et al. Long-Term Outcomes From A Phase 3 Study Comparing Ruxolitinib With Best Available Therapy (BAT) For The Treatment of Myelofibrosis (MF): A 3 Year Update of Comfort II. Abstract #S1111.18th Congress of European Hematology Association (EHA), 2013. Stockholm, Sweden.
- Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. Idiopathic myelofibrosis. Available at: http://www.lls.org/#/diseaseinformation/myeloproliferativediseases/idiopathic myelofibrosis/. Accessed April 2013.
- Mesa RA, Schwagera S, Radia D, et al. The Myelofibrosis Symptom Assessment Form (MFSAF): an evidence-based brief inventory to measure quality of life and symptomatic response to treatment in myelofibrosis. Leuk Res. 2009;33:1199-1203.
- Verstovsek S, Mesa RA, Gotlib J, et al. A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Ruxolitinib for Myelofibrosis. New Eng J Med. 2012: March 1;366:799-807.
- Harrison C, Kiladjian JJ, Al-Ali HK, et al. JAK Inhibition with Ruxolitinib versus Best Available Therapy for Myelofibrosis. New Eng J Med. 2012: March 1;366:787-98.
- Vannucchi A, Kiladjian JJ, Gisslinger H, et al. Reductions in JAK2V617F Allele Burden with Ruxolitinib Treatment in COMFORT-II, a Phase III Study Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Ruxolitinib to Best Available Therapy (BAT). 2012. Abstract #802. American Society of Hematology 2012. Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA.
- Harrison C, Kiladjian JJ, Gisslinger H, et al. Association of Cytokine Levels and Reductions in Spleen Size in COMFORT-II, a Phase 3 Study Comparing Ruxolitinib to Best Available Therapy (BAT). Abstract # 6625. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2012 Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL.
- Cervantes, F, et al. Long-Term Safety, Efficacy, and Survival Findings From COMFORT-II, a Phase 3 Study Comparing Ruxolitinib with Best Available Therapy (BAT) for the Treatment of Myelofibrosis (MF) Blood. 2012. Abstract #801. American Society of Hematology 2012 Annual Meeting. Atlanta, GA.)
- Kvasnicka, HM, et al. Long Term Intervention Effects on Bone Marrow Morphology in Myelofibrosis: Patients Treated With Ruxolitinib and Best Available Therapy. Abstract #S591.18th Congress of European Hematology Association (EHA). 2013. Stockholm, Sweden.
