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Christine Clark PhD FRPharmS FCPP(Hon)
Editor, HPE
All hospitals have policies for avoiding, managing and reporting needlestick injuries but audits repeatedly show that there is under-reporting. Such injuries continue to occur both to front-line healthcare workers and to others, including hospital porters and cleaning staff. The major concern here is the risk of blood-borne infection and the possible far-reaching consequences, but minor injuries should not be overlooked.
Common sources of sharps injuries are needles used in the preparation or administration of injections and the needles and spikes used to connect intravenous administration systems. Re-capping or re-sheathing of needles to prevent accidental injury during transport or disposal is one of the most common situations in which needlestick injury occurs, especially if the worker involved is tired or stressed – hardly an unusual situation in healthcare.
EC Directive 2010/32 is focused on eliminating, as far as possible, the risk of injury or infection to healthcare workers from medical sharps. It is scheduled for implementation by 11 May 2013, and as it is a Directive, it has to be incorporated in local law. It specifies the minimum requirements that Member States need to implement to protect workers.
This Directive provides for “eliminating the unnecessary use of sharps by implementing changes in practice and on the basis of the results of the risk assessment, providing medical devices incorporating safety-engineered protection mechanisms”. It also expressly prohibits the recapping of needles and it emphasises the importance of regular, comprehensive and ongoing training for staff in the correct use of protective devices and safe systems of working.
What has this to do with pharmacy? Although at first glance this appears to concern healthcare workers in clinical areas, careful reading shows that it also has implications for pharmacy personnel in aseptic compounding units and for subcontractors providing compounded injections. Pharmacies are involved in preparation of injections and therefore handle sharps routinely. Although these are unlikely to be contaminated with blood products, accidental injection of small quantities of cytotoxics can cause local necrosis and the accidental injection of small amounts of monoclonal antibodies could provoke allergic reactions in some individuals.
Many pharmacies are also involved in the procurement of medical devices and this Directive provides the opportunity for pharmacists to play a decisive role here. The application of pharmaceutical expertise to the selection and purchase of needle-free systems is very much in line with thinking behind this Directive.
Many advances to improve safety in the use of injectable medicines have been made recently and part of this has involved pharmacists making risk assessments of products
and taking steps to reduce the possibility of medication errors occurring. Arguably, the selection of appropriate, safe reconstitution and administration devices is a logical extension of this function.
There is now less than one year before the Directive has to be implemented and the messages for pharmacy are clear:
If you run a compounding unit, ensure that your procedures and equipment are up to date so that recapping of needles is no longer necessary.
If you use a subcontractor to provide ready-to-use compounded injections, ensure that they also comply with the Directive
Take an active part in the risk assessment of procedures and determination of products to be bought by your institution.
Let us hope that this Directive is a decisive step on the road to making needlestick injuries a historical curiosity rather than a day-to-day event.
