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Novartis has announced long-term follow-up data from the COMFORT-I and COMFORT-II Phase III studies in myelofibrosis. In these studies, Jakavi® (INC424, ruxolitinib) treatment resulted in sustained reductions in spleen size, a hallmark of myelofibrosis, while also improving quality of life and extending overall survival compared to placebo or the best available therapy (BAT).
Results are being presented at the 54th American Society of Hematology (ASH) Annual Meeting and Exposition in Atlanta.
A two-year follow-up analysis of COMFORT-II showed Jakavi was associated with sustained reductions in splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). Overall, 48.3% of patients treated with Jakavi achieved a >=35% reduction in spleen volume, and the majority of reductions were sustained with continued treatment over two years. In a rigorous intent-to-treat analysis, Jakavi-treated patients showed an overall survival advantage compared to patients receiving BAT (HR=0.51; 95% CI, 0.26-0.99; p=0.041)[1], which was defined by protocol as any commercially available agent (monotherapy or in combination) or no therapy at all. A total of 61.6% of BAT patients switched to Jakavi treatment, but remained categorised as BAT patients during the follow-up analyses.[1]
“As these Phase III studies continue over the long term, it is encouraging to see how treatment with Jakavi consistently alleviates the myelofibrosis disease burden and may improve overall survival,” said Dr. Francisco Cervantes, Hematology Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona. “Just one year ago, we didn’t have a truly effective treatment to offer our patients with myelofibrosis. Now, it appears we can significantly improve a patient’s quality of life while also potentially extending their life.”
In COMFORT-I, which compared the use of Jakavi versus placebo, researchers presented long-term follow-up data evaluating the efficacy and safety of Jakavi. Similar to COMFORT-II, Jakavi was associated with sustained reductions in spleen volume. Mean spleen volume reduction in the Jakavi arm was 31.6% at week 24, and maintained through week 96 (34.9%).[2] Among patients with a >=35% reduction in spleen volume, response was maintained with a median duration of 108 weeks. The study demonstrated a continued overall survival benefit in favour of Jakavi, as 83% of patients on Jakavi survived at the 102 week follow-up period, compared to 73% of patients on placebo (HR=0.58; 95% CI, 0.36-0.95; p=0.028).[2] Overall survival favoured Jakavi across subgroups, including starting dose as well as baseline risk status and haemoglobin.[2]
“The COMFORT program, which supported the European Commission approval for Jakavi, is the most extensive clinical trial program in myelofibrosis to date and continues to demonstrate significant results for Jakavi-treated patients,” said Hervé Hoppenot, President, Novartis Oncology. “We are encouraged by these findings and look forward to evaluating how Jakavi may help patients with other myeloproliferative neoplasms associated with a similar mechanism of disease.”
Myelofibrosis develops when uncontrolled signalling in the JAK pathway – which regulates blood cell production – causes bone marrow scarring and faulty blood cell production, resulting in severe complications. Jakavi directly targets an underlying mechanism of myelofibrosis, significantly reducing splenomegaly and improving debilitating symptoms regardless of JAK mutational status, disease subtype or any prior treatment, including hydroxyurea.[3–6]
While Jakavi has proven to provide patient benefits regardless of mutational status, an analysis of patients with the JAK2V617F mutation within the COMFORT-II study was also presented at ASH. Findings demonstrate the disease-modifying effects of Jakavi. Patients bearing the JAK2V617F mutation who received Jakavi had greater reductions in the presence of cancerous cells with the mutated JAK2V617F allele (allele burden) compared with BAT.[5] Allele burden reductions among Jakavi-treated patients were gradual and sustained over the duration of the study, whereas BAT-treated patients demonstrated zero reductions. Among patients with >=20% allele burden reduction, sustained spleen volume reductions were observed to week 72.[5]
COMFORT-II Long-Term Study Background
The COMFORT-II (Controlled MyeloFibrosis Study with Oral JAK Inhibitor Therapy) study randomised 219 patients to receive Jakavi (15 or 20 mg BID) or BAT (2:1 randomisation for Jakavi vs. BAT). A total of 73.3% (107/146) of patients in the Jakavi arm entered the extension phase vs. 61.6% (45/73) in the BAT arm, and 55.5% (81/146) of those originally randomised to Jakavi remained on treatment at the time of this analysis.[1]
Overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. In the analysis of COMFORT-II data examining JAK2V617 allele burden reduction, allele burden was measured from blood samples using allele-specific quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).[5]
No specific long-term safety signals emerged during the two-year follow-up period. In the primary analysis of the COMFORT-II study published in The New England Journal of Medicine in February 2012 (median treatment duration of 50.1 weeks; Jakavi, 51.4 weeks; BAT, 45.1 weeks), the most common grade 3/4 haematologic adverse events (AEs) in either arm (Jakavi, BAT) were anaemia (42.4%; 31.4%) and thrombocytopenia (8.3%; 7.2%), and were manageable with either dose reduction or occasional interruption.[4] In the Jakavi arm, mean haemoglobin levels decreased over the first 12 weeks of treatment and then recovered to levels similar to the BAT from week 24 onward.[4]
One patient in each arm discontinued for thrombocytopenia, and no patients discontinued for anaemia. One week after discontinuing Jakavi, these patients experienced a return of myelofibrosis symptoms that were present before initiating therapy. Since the core study has completed, all patients either entered the extension phase or discontinued from the study. A total of 107 of the 146 patients on Jakavi entered the extension phase in addition to 45 of the 73 patients previously treated with BAT (median treatment duration of 83.3 weeks; Jakavi, 111.4 weeks [randomised and extension phases]; BAT, 45.1 weeks [randomised treatment only per primary analysis]. Grade 3/4 haematologic abnormalities in the extension phase for Jakavi were consistent with the primary analysis: anaemia (40.4%); lymphopenia (22.6%) and thrombocytopenia (9.6%).[1]
COMFORT-I Long-Term Study Background
This study randomised 309 patients to Jakavi or placebo. The primary analysis occurred when all patients completed 24 weeks of therapy, and all patients receiving placebo were eligible to cross over to Jakavi after the primary analysis. Quality of life was evaluated beyond week 24 using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QoL Questionnaire-Core 30, and overall survival was assessed according to original randomised treatment.[2]
The AE profile with long-term treatment is consistent with what has been previously reported.[2] Of 34 patients randomised to Jakavi who discontinued after the primary analysis, 4 discontinued for an AE. In patients who continued on Jakavi therapy, anaemia and thrombocytopenia remained the most frequently reported AEs. New onset of grade 3 or 4 anaemia and thrombocytopenia was reported in 12 and 5 patients, respectively. One patient discontinued for anaemia. Overall, among all patients randomised to Jakavi, grade 3 and 4 anaemia – regardless of baseline haemoglobin – was reported in 37.4% and 14.8% of patients, respectively. Similarly, grade 3 and 4 thrombocytopenia was reported in 11.0% and 5.2% of patients, respectively. These rates were similar to those reported in the primary analysis. By week 36, the proportion of patients receiving red blood cell transfusions decreased to the level seen with placebo and remained stable thereafter.[2]
Rates of non-haematologic AEs adjusted for increased follow-up duration remained similar to those seen at the time of the primary data analysis.[2] No additional cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in patients randomised to Jakavi were reported. Two patients originally randomised to placebo developed AML, 21 and 178 days after crossover to Jakavi. There continued to be no reports of a withdrawal syndrome after Jakavi discontinuation.[2]
About Myelofibrosis
Myelofibrosis is a life-threatening blood cancer with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options.[7,8] Studies show that patients with myelofibrosis have a decreased life expectancy, with a median overall survival of 5.7 years.[9] Although allogeneic stem cell transplantation may cure myelofibrosis, the procedure is associated with significant morbidity and transplant-related mortality and is available to less than 5% of patients who are young and fit enough to undergo the procedure.[10]
About Jakavi
Jakavi® (INC424, ruxolitinib) is an oral inhibitor of the JAK 1 and JAK 2 tyrosine kinases[4] and was approved by the European Commission in August 2012 for the treatment of disease-related splenomegaly or symptoms in adult patients with primary myelofibrosis (also known as chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis), post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis or post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis. Jakavi is available in more than 30 countries including the European Union and Canada, with additional global regulatory filings underway.
Novartis licensed INC424 (ruxolitinib) from Incyte Corporation for development and commercialisation outside the US. Both the European Commission and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted INC424 (ruxolitinib) orphan drug status for myelofibrosis. Jakavi is marketed in the United States by Incyte Corporation under the name Jakafi® for the treatment of patients with intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis.
The recommended starting dose for Jakavi is 15 mg twice daily for patients with a platelet count between 100,000cubic millimetres (mm3) and 200,000 mm3,and 20 mg twice daily for patients with a platelet count of >200,000 mm3. Doses may be titrated based on safety and efficacy. There is limited information to recommend a starting dose for patients with platelet counts between 50,000/mm3 and <100,000/mm3. The maximum recommended starting dose in these patients is 5 mg twice daily and patients should be titrated cautiously.[11]
Jakavi is a registered trademark of Novartis AG in countries outside the United States. Jakafi is a registered trademark of Incyte Corporation.
References
- Cervantes, F, et al. Long-Term Safety, Efficacy, and Survival Findings From COMFORT-II, a Phase 3 Study Comparing Ruxolitinib with Best Available Therapy (BAT) for the Treatment of Myelofibrosis (MF). Blood. 2012. Abstract #801. American Society of Hematology (ASH) 2012 Annual Meeting. Atlanta, GA.
- Verstovsek S et al. Long-Term Outcome of Ruxolitinib Treatment in Patients with Myelofibrosis: Durable Reductions in Spleen Volume, Improvements in Quality of Life, and Overall Survival Advantage in COMFORT-I. Blood. 2012. Abstract #800. ASH 2012 Annual Meeting. Atlanta, GA.
- Verstovsek S, Mesa RA, Gotlib J, et al. A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Ruxolitinib for Myelofibrosis. New Eng J Med. 2012 March 1: 366:799-807.
- Harrison C, Kiladjian JJ, Al-Ali HK, et al. JAK Inhibition with Ruxolitinib versus Best Available Therapy for Myelofibrosis. New Eng J Med. 2012: March 1;366:787-98.
- Vannucchi A, Kiladjian JJ, Gisslinger H, et al. Reductions in JAK2V617F Allele Burden with Ruxolitinib Treatment in COMFORT-II, a Phase III Study Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Ruxolitinib to Best Available Therapy (BAT). 2012. Abstract #802. ASH 2012. Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA.
- Harrison C, Kiladjian JJ, Gisslinger H, et al. Association of Cytokine Levels and Reductions in Spleen Size in COMFORT-II, a Phase 3 Study Comparing Ruxolitinib to Best Available Therapy (BAT). Abstract # 6625. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2012 Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL.
- Verstovsek S, Kantarjian H, Mesa RA, et al. Safety and Efficacy of JAK1 & JAK2 Inhibitor, INCB018424, in Myelofibrosis. New Eng J Med. 2010 September 16;363(12):1117-1127.
- Mesa RA, Schwagera S, Radia D, et al. The Myelofibrosis Symptom Assessment Form (MFSAF): an evidence-based brief inventory to measure quality of life and symptomatic response to treatment in myelofibrosis. Leuk Res. 2009;33:1199-1203.
- Cervantes F, Dupriez B, Pereira A, et al. New prognostic scoring system for primary myelofibrosis based on a study of the International Working Group for Myelofibrosis Research and Treatment. Blood. 2009;113:2895-2901.
- Patriarca F, Bacigalupo A, Sperotto A, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in myelofibrosis: the 20-year experience of the Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo (GITMO). Haematologica. 2008;93(10):1514-1522.
- JAKAVI [Summary of Product Characteristics]. Basel, Switzerland: Novartis Pharma AG; 2012.
